Techical English : 2015

viernes, 14 de agosto de 2015

SOCIAL NETWORKS

PARTE1

PARTE 2

Social Networks is an interdisciplinary and international quarterly. It provides a common forum for representatives of anthropology, sociology, history, social psychology, political science, human geography, biology, economics, communications science and other disciplines who share an interest in the study of the empirical structure of social relations and associations that may be expressed in network form. It publishes both theoretical and substantive papers. Critical reviews of major theoretical or methodological approaches using the notion of networks in the analysis of social behaviour are also included, as are reviews of recent books dealing with social networks and social structure.

The editorial criteria for acceptance will be based on the degree to which a paper makes a broad theoretical or methodological, and empirically relevant, contribution to the study of social networks. Acceptable papers may range from abstract, formal mathematical derivations to concrete, descriptive case studies of particular social networks. The editors are therefore particularly interested in papers that attempt to uncover the processes by which social networks emerge, evolve and have consequences for other aspects of behaviour. However, for reports of empirical research results, manuscripts must contain the following: a discussion of sampling, representation, and generalizability; a substantive foundation based on the social network literature; a consideration of social network processes; and feature meaningful data.

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jueves, 30 de julio de 2015

creating directories

Create New Directories and Subdirectories with One Terminal Command

If you know your terminal basics, you know that mkdir creates directories—but it can do more. If you add the -p flag, you can create a directory with subdirectories in a single command and save yourself the trouble of quite a bit of extra typing.

Here's an example:

mkdir -p parentdir/childdir/etc

That command will create a new directory called parentdir with a subdirectory of childdir and another subdirectory inside of childdir called etc. You can make the chain go on forever if you want. Just type out the path you want to create, hit enter, and you'll have it with plenty of typing time saved.

Which is a Directory?

It is a virtual container in which a group of data files and subdirectories stored, depending on their content, their purpose or any criteria decided by the user. Technically the directory stores information about files it contains: as the attributes of the file or where you are physically in the storage device.

How to create a directory?

steps

As a teacher or administrator, go to the course home page.
Click on "Files .." from the block "Administration".
From the next window.
Click on Create directory.
From the next window.
Enter the desired name.
After clicking on "Create".

To account!

The names of files and folders should not have special characters such as accented words, tabs, ñ, carriage returns, spaces, or symbols system and / or:, and it is not advisable to combine uppercase and lowercase in the names.

jueves, 23 de julio de 2015

necessary management skills necessary

Being an entrepreneur means you are you own manager, as well as a manager of others. Your skills need to be extensive in order for you to be successful. An entrepreneur should be able to effectively manage people, a budget, operations and in some instances, investors. This requires someone with a multi-tasking work style who can plan for both the short- and long-term goals of his business.

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Time Management

A successful entrepreneur must be able to make wise decisions about how he uses his time, continually evaluating and prioritizing tasks according to relevance and importance. This type of time management includes short- and long-range planning and the ability to participate in economic forecasting and market research. Entrepreneurs must also manage their professional life in conjunction with their family life, striking a balance between work and home.

Business Planning

A successful entrepreneur has management skills to accurately research his market and develop a comprehensive, multi-year business plan. This includes accounting for growth and development, taking on employees, financing operations and marketing and running or overseeing the day-to-day business functions. This type of business planning includes the ability to manage economic forecasting.

Related Reading: Necessary Skills for a Food Critic

Employee Management

Successful entrepreneurs must have the managerial skills necessary to evaluate potential employees, hire and train workers and put them in appropriate positions in her company. This means being a good judge of character, finding people who will work well together, and ensuring that staffers are qualified for their jobs. Once employees are on the job, a successful entrepreneur needs to have the ability to manage teams, oversee conflict and dispute resolution and provide ongoing training to encourage high-quality performance.

Customer Management

Finding and keeping customers is one of the entrepreneur's most important management undertakings because revenue from customers keeps the business alive. Entrepreneurs must have the management ability to juggle clients, trouble-shoot problems, oversee customer interactions with employees and ensure that customers are satisfied. Successful entrepreneurs are also continually soliciting new business and developing new business networks.

Sales Management

An entrepreneur must be able to sell himself and his products and services. The ability to turn leads into sales and sales into ongoing business is a trait important to all entrepreneurs, especially start-ups. Even if you have an exceptional sales force representing your company, customers are likely making their investment in you as much as in your business.

Financial Management

Even if an entrepreneur hires an accountant or finance professional to track money and other assets, he is ultimately responsible for the financial management of his company. This takes on greater significance when a company is growing rapidly or bringing on investors. A successful entrepreneur has the management skills necessary to review books and financial statements to ensure that he is always aware of his business's finances.

Business Management

Successful entrepreneurs must have strong overall business management skills. This means understanding all aspects of how his business operates, including the regulatory requirements of his industry. Entrepreneurs must be knowledgeable about labor, employment and tax laws, and must stay abreast of industry and market trends. This will help him quickly change direction if economic conditions dictate.

viernes, 29 de mayo de 2015

COMPUTER-S LANGUAGE

omputer programming language, any of various languages for expressing a set of detailed instructions for a digital computer. Such instructions can be executed directly when they are in the computer manufacturer-specific numerical form known as machine language, after a simple substitution process when expressed in a corresponding assembly language, or after translation from some “higher-level”language. Although there are over 2,000 computer languages, relatively few are widely used.

Machine and assembly languages are “low-level,” requiring a programmer to manage explicitly all of a computer’s idiosyncratic features of data storage and operation. In contrast, high-level languages shield a programmer from worrying about such considerations and provide a notation that is more easily written and read by programmers.

Language types

Machine and assembly languages

A machine language consists of the numeric codes for the operations that a particular computer can execute directly. The codes are strings of 0s and 1s, or binary digits (“bits”), which are frequently converted both from and to hexadecimal (base 16) for human viewing and modification. Machine language instructions typically use some bits to represent operations, such as addition, and some to represent operands, or perhaps the location of the next instruction. Machine language is difficult to read and write, since it does not resemble conventional mathematical notation or human language, and its codes vary from computer to computer.

Assembly language is one level above machine language. It uses short mnemonic codes for instructions and allows the programmer to introduce names for blocks of memory that hold data. One might thus write “add pay, total” instead of “0110101100101000” for an instruction that adds two numbers.

Assembly language is designed to be easily translated into machine language. Although blocks of data may be referred to by name instead of by their machine addresses, assembly language does not provide more sophisticated means of organizing complex information. Like machine language, assembly language requires detailed knowledge of internal computer architecture. It is useful when such details are important, as in programming a computer to interact with input/output devices (printers, scanners, storage devices, and so forth).

Algorithmic languages

Algorithmic languages are designed to express mathematical or symbolic computations. They can express algebraic operations in notation similar to mathematics and allow the use of subprograms that package commonly used operations for reuse. They were the first high-level languages.

FORTRAN

The first important algorithmic language was FORTRAN (formula translation), designed in 1957 by an IBM team led by John Backus. It was intended for scientific computations with real numbers and collections of them organized as one- or multidimensional arrays. Its control structures included conditional IF statements, repetitive loops (so-called DO loops), and a GOTO statement that allowed nonsequential execution of program code. FORTRAN made it convenient to have subprograms for common mathematical operations, and built libraries of them.

FORTRAN was also designed to translate into efficient machine language. It was immediately successful and continues to evolve.

ALGOL

ALGOL (algorithmic language) was designed by a committee of American and European computer scientists during 1958–60 for publishing algorithms, as well as for doing computations. Like LISP (described in the next section), ALGOL had recursive subprograms—procedures that could invoke themselves to solve a problem by reducing it to a smaller problem of the same kind. ALGOL introduced block structure, in which a program is composed of blocks that might contain both data and instructions and have the same structure as an entire program. Block structure became a powerful tool for building large programs out of small components.

ALGOL contributed a notation for describing the structure of a programming language, Backus–Naur Form, which in some variation became the standard tool for stating the syntax (grammar) of programming languages. ALGOL was widely used in Europe, and for many years it remained the language in which computer algorithms were published. Many important languages, such as Pascal and Ada (both described later), are its descendants.

jueves, 21 de mayo de 2015

THE DATA BASE

the database

What is a database?

es una entidad en la cual se pueden almacenar datos de manera estructurada, con la menor redundancia posible. Diferentes programas y diferentes usuarios deben poder utilizar estos datos. Por lo tanto, el concepto de base de datos generalmente está relacionado con el de red ya que se debe poder compartir esta información. De allí el término base. "Sistema de información" es el término general utilizado para la estructura global que incluye todos los mecanismos para compartir datos que se han instalado.

http://file.mrbool.com/mrbool/articles/Anurag/ProjectDatabase/ProjectDatabase01.gif

http://www.vcharkarn.com/images/varticle/thumbnail/databaseDevelopment.jpg

Why use a database?

A database gives users access to data that can view, enter or update, in accordance with the access rights have been granted. It becomes more useful as the amount of stored data grows.

A database can be local, meaning that you can use only one user on a computer, or it can be distributed, meaning that the information is stored on remote computers and can be accessed via a network.

The main advantage of using databases is that multiple users can access th em simultaneously.

types of databases

1. The hierarchical databases
In a hierarchical database data using tree structures (tree) are organized.
A tree is a hierarchical structure in which the elements are usually called nodes and there are dependencies between nodes.

2. The network databases
Also unused in a database network structure graph / network is used, as in the previous case the different objects are linked together by relations type 1: M but in this case an object may be related as child with several items that will be their parents. A case relationships that are created are called SET and the equivalent father called OWNER (owner) and the equivalent son is called MEMBER (MEMBER).

3. relational databases
This is the structure that has been imposed for business applications, is to organize data in tables, relationships between objects are achieved by including in the child table, the key to the parent object. Such as those that use throughout the module have reserved a special section for them.

4. The terms of object-oriented databases
It is a newer model, is stored in the database whole objects (state and behavior). The information provided is divided into attributes and behavior in operations.

5. data bases mutidimensionales
In a multidimensional database data is stored in multidimensional tables instead of two-dimensional tables as the relational model. They are used for large volumes of information.

Elements of a relational database

• The data is organized in relations composed of tuples of attributes. If we convert this definition tables have that data is organized in tables composed of rows (records) and columns (fields).

• Each table is assigned a unique name.

• A table has 0 or more rows, and each row contains the information for a particular "subject" of the relationship.

• The rows are initially disordered.

• The list of attributes provided in a specific order from left to right and that form the definition of a table is called a schema of the table, while the specific values of data stored in the table are called occurrences.

It is called database information banks containing data on various topics and categorized differently, but share together some sort of link or relationship that seeks to sort and classify them together.

A database or database is a set of data within the same context and systematically stored for later use. In this sense; a library can be considered a database composed mostly of documents and texts printed on paper and indexed for reference. Currently, due to technological development in fields such as computer and electronics, most databases are in digital format, this being an electronic component and therefore has developed and offers a wide range of solutions to the problem data storage.

There are denominated management systems databases, abbreviated DBMS to store and subsequently access data quickly and structured programs. The properties of these DBMS, as well as its use and administration, are studied within the field of computing.

The most common applications are for the management of enterprises and public institutions; They are also widely used in scientific environments in order to store the experimental data.

Although databases can contain many types of data, some of which are protected by the laws of several countries. For example in Spain, personal data are protected by the Organic Law of Protection of Personal Data (Act), in Mexico by the Federal Law of Transparency and Access to Public Government Information Law Argentina and Data Protection Personal